Shortened forms or Contractions -4

Some frequently used words in English are written in Short forms. Below is the list of  important short forms of the words frequently used in English writing. 

Contractions	Meaning
I’m	I am
I’ve	I have
I’d	I  would/had
I’ll	I will
You’re	You are
You’ll	You will
You’ve	You have
You’d	You would/had
he’s	He is/had
he’d	He would/had
he’ll	He will
She’s	She is/has
She’d	She would/had
She’ll	She will
We’re	We are
We’ll	We will
We’ve	We have
We’d	We had/would
they’re	they are
they’ll	they will
they’ve	they have
they’d	they had/would
there’s	there is/has
there’ll	there will
there’d	there would/had
It’s	it is/has

Contractions – Negatives

Contraction	Meaning
aren’t	are not
can’t	cannot
couldn’t	could not
daren’t	dare not
don’t	do not
doesn’t	does not
didn’t	did not
haven’t	have not
hasn’t	has not
hadn’t	had not
isn’t	is not
mustn’t	must not
mightn’t	might not
needn’t	need not
oughtn’t	ought not
shouldn’t	should not
shan’t	shall not
usedn’t	used not
wasn’t	was not
weren’t	were not
wouldn’t	would not
won’t	will not

Sentence making in English, revised -3

Am  is  are usage  - as a state of being verbs.

What is a Verb ?                                                                                                                            

Verb is an important word in a sentence, a word that expresses an action e.g. eat, see, walk etc., is called Action verb.  a Word that describes  state/condition e.g. am ,is are etc., (of the somebody/something) is called Being verb.  In this Post  we are going to discuss sentences making with being verb am, is, are

Am  is  are-  These verbs are used in a sentence to describe the condition/state  of self and  other people including  animals and  things. The things include anything. We have chosen  five types of sentence structures commonly used in communication.

1. Simple sentences
2. Negative sentence
3. Yes/No question
4. Yes/No negative
5. ‘Wh’ question

1. Structure – Simple Sentence

  Person                     Singular                              Plural

First                               I + am                                  We + are

Second                          You + are                             You + are

Third                            He/she/it  +  is                    They + are

Note:

Are not = aren't and  is not = isn't

'He' includes all males names  e.g. Robert, Alex, Jim, and common nouns like President , Director, Chairman, Friend, Father, Uncle etc.

'She' includes all female names e.g. Elizabeth, Mary, and common nouns like President,  Director, Chairman, Friend, Mother, aunt etc.

'It' includes all types of nouns and pronouns (Singular form of things, animals etc.), & collective nouns (like team, army, group etc.

'They' includes all types of nouns and pronouns (Plural form of things, people, animals etc.)    

I am Shane/My name is Shane

I am 32.

 I am   married.

He is my friend.

We are classmates

She is my cousin.

The  weather is fine. (The weather = it)

It’s very playful (it= a puppy)

Obama is the president of USA

The weather is very Chill.

It’s a new car.

It’s Holiday today (Idiomatic structure not connected with this topic)

Hillary is New York .

We are in President’s office new.

She is in Paris                                                     

2. Structure – Negative sentence

Person                     Singular                               Plural

First                         I + am + not                        We + are + not

Second                     You + are + not                  You + are + not

Third                       He/she/it + is + not          They + are + not

Note:
Are not = aren't and  is not = isn't

'He' includes all males names  e.g. Robert, Alex, Jim, and common nouns like President , Director, Chairman, Friend, Father, Uncle etc.

'She' includes all female names e.g. Elizabeth, Mary, and common nouns like President,  Director, Chairman, Friend, Mother, aunt etc.

'It' includes all types of nouns and pronouns (Singular form of things, animals etc.), & collective nouns (like team, army, group etc.)

'They' includes all types of nouns and pronouns (Plural form of things, people, animals etc.)    

He isn’t Jim. 

I am not a student .

They aren’t Indians.

The president is not in the Capital

We aren’t  in office.

She isn’t Mary .

Structure – Simple and Negative combination

We aren’t Americans we are Indians.

She isn’t Mary she is Clara

They are Students they aren’t  outsiders.

He isn’t in the town he is abroad.

She isn’t my cousin she is my niece.

Will continue.....

Sentence making in English, revised -2

What is a Verb ?   

Verb is an important word in a sentence, a word that expresses an action e.g. eat, see, walk etc., is called Action verb.  a Word that describes  state/condition e.g. am ,is are etc., (of the someone or something) is called Being verb.  In this Post  we are going to discuss sentences making with the being verbs `

Look at the following sentences

Bill is a student . (Bill = subject,  is = verb)

Shane and Clara are friends. (Shane and Clara = subject, are = verb)

The old building is a museum. (The old building = subject, is = verb)

These four books are novels. (These four books = subject, are = verb)

The climate of Alaska is very cool. (The climate of Alaska = subject, is = verb)

I am 25 years old. (I = Subject, am = verb)

The animals are hungry. (The animals = subject,  are = verb)

Have you noted some subjects take the verb is, some subjects take the verb are and one subject takes the verb am. In other words every subject should  take a proper verb form.

In our day to day life we talk about  hundreds of things people events etc.(subjects) let’s see some of them.

Weather, Politics, Price-rise, Stocks, Meeting, Movie actors, Friends, Nation, Corruption, Crime, College, Professor, Pain, Shopping, Recreation, Marriage, Food, Child, Pilot, Convention, Headache, Doctor  and the list is endless. Now the question arises, are there millions of corresponding (matching) verbs too? (Verbs that agree with the subjects)  the answer is No,  we have very limited number of verb forms.  Now  another question arises how to use these limited verb forms with the unlimited subjects we use in our sentences  (in our day to day life?)  To avoid this confusion the subject of  a  sentence is mentally converted into its pronoun form (called Subject-pronoun).

What is a Pronoun?                                                                                                    

Pronoun is a word used in the place of a noun.

Jim is a teacher (Jim is a noun) .

e.g. He is a teacher ( he is a pronoun of Jim)

Sky is blue.(sky, is a noun).

e.g. It is blue ( It  is a pronoun of the Sky)

As we discussed earlier that a subject of a sentence can be a noun, a noun phrase, a proper noun, a common noun,  a collective noun, an abstract noun, an adjective, Action words, etc. Beginners would find it very difficult to find the matching verbs  for  the above mentioned noun forms, it would  be easier to find the matching verb for a particular subject (in  a sentence) if the subject is in the form of a pronoun. (The above mentioned Nouns forms are converted into their corresponding Pronouns Mentally), this method would help to construct a sentence easily

Conversion of   subject  to subject-pronoun

SUBJECT Shane Father Mother Teacher President Manager Customer Brother Shop Asst. Driver Friend Students Machine Animal Obesity

PRONOUN She He She He/she He/she He/she He/she He He/she He/she He/she They It It It

SUBJECT Jack Pain Thought Crowd Team Nation Herd Audience Water Tea House Shops Chairs Meeting Health

PRONOUN he It It It It It It It It It It They They It It

Note:

1. I, we  and  you (singular and Plural form) are personal pronouns.
2. This, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns.
3. What, which, who whom, and whose are demonstrative pronouns
4. When a pronoun is used as a subject of a sentence it is  called a subject pronoun or simply a subject
5. All Singular collective nouns have it as their  Pronoun.

Note:

He includes all male names  e.g. Robert, Alex, Jim, and common nouns like President , Director, Chairman, Friend, Father, Uncle etc.

She includes all female names e.g. Elizabeth, Mary, and common nouns like President,  Director, Chairman, Friend, Mother, Aunt etc.

It includes all types of nouns and pronouns (Singular form of things, animals etc.), collective nouns (like team, army, group etc.)

They includes all types of nouns and pronouns (Plural form of things, people, animals etc.)                             

CONCEPT OF THE FIRST SECOND AND  THIRD  PERSON

Knowing the Concept of the first, second and third person is important in making  sentences.

First  person refers to the person who speaks (to someone), the Second person is the listener. Third person refers to the person or  thing, that the first and second person  talk about. The term ‘person' includes non-living things, abstract things (e.g. humanity, publicity) animals etc

Sentence making in English, revised -1

We express our thoughts, desires, necessities, requirements, feelings to others through, gestures (smile), sounds (Oh) , words (Yes/No), sentences (Thank you very much), Questions (What are you doing?) etc.

 A sentence is a group of words made by a speaker to say something to others. When we  speak a sentence, we should have a subject to speak about and we should also tell something about the subject. In other words we do two things when we make a sentence.

1. We say the name of a person or place or  thing. The name of the person place or thing is called the subject.

Jack is an expert swimmer.

The weather is fine.

The Siberia is the Coldest place on the Earth.

2. We say/speak something about the person or thing. The part of the sentence that  gives some information about the person, place or thing is called predicate. The  Thing refers to anything

Jack is an expert swimmer.

The weather is fine.

Siberia is the coldest place on the earth.

Generally the subject comes at the beginning of the sentence
(before predicate), but sometimes it may come after predicate.

Here comes Shane.

The Subject can be a

Noun ( cat,  man, chair etc.)

e.g.  A cat  is a small animal.

         A cat is sitting on the fence.

Noun phrases  Is  a group of words  ( A cat on the wall, A man on the street,  The chair at the end of the row etc.) e.g.  A cat on the wall is ready to jump

        

NOTE: A noun  phrase might contain several inter connected words (e.g. a cat on the wall). A noun phrase should be considered a single word unit when making sentences. In the above examples  (Noun and Noun Phrase) the subject in both the sentences takes the verb is.  

Pronoun (Personal)  – I, we, you, they, he, she and it

e.g. I am a student. 

        We are Indians.

Proper noun (New York, Indian ocean, Alex, President  Obama etc.)

e.g. New York is a Big city.

Abstract noun ( Intelligence, Virtue etc.)

e.g. Intelligence is human trait.

Common noun ( Sea, lake, peak, animal , uncle, etc.)

e.g. Animals are not human

Adjective (The rich, the poor, Cold etc.)

e.g. Obesity is a disease. (Rich = rich people)

Actions (Swimming, watching, wrestling etc.)  

e.g. Swimming is a good exercise

Interrogative pronoun  (What, Which, who whom whose.)

e.g. What is your name?

For more information on Nouns Please click 

For more information and explanation on Nouns please click Noun

There are some sentences that don’t require subject. Look at the following sentences.

1.When someone does a favor to you, say

    Thank you very much.

    Thanks

    That’s, very kind of you.

    Thanks a lot

2.When you require someone’s help, say

    Could you please hold this for some time?

    Would you please mind moving a little bit?

    Please help me, lift this bag.

3. When you want to interrupt someone’s
talk/ privacy say

    Excuse me. Or  May I ……?

4. When you didn’t hear something, say

    Pardon me/excuse me / could you please repeat that/sorry

5. When you cause harm to others unintentionally.

    I am sorry, I am extremely sorry, sorry for……, Sorry I didn’t ……

6 Appreciating someone

    That’s it,  fantastic, marvelous, well-done etc.

7. When you are introduced to someone for first time, say

    Hello, glad/pleased/happy, +  to meet you.

8. When some asked for information and you don’t know that, say

    Sorry, Sorry I don’t know, Sorry I am not aware of this/that

10.Wishing/Greeting people or Taking leave                                             

   12.01 a.m. Up to 11.59.a.m. Good morning

   Exactly at 12.00 noon -  Good noon

   12.00 noon to 4.00 p.m. Good afternoon

   4.00 till 12.00 midnight – Good evening

   After 12.00 midnight- Good morning  

   Good bye./Goodnight./See you/see you soon - Generally speaking

11.Parting with someone.

   Day time – say good day, see you/see you soon , bye etc.

   Evening – say goodnight/ bye/see you (up to 11.59 p.m.)

   Good day/night is same as saying bye

12. Issuing commands/orders (Imperative sentences)

e.g. Don’t move. 

       Sit down etc.

In imperative sentences the subject is left out.

Imperative sentences are command/order  type sentences e.g. don’t shout Don’t shout (= you don’t shout) the subject you is left out. Some times tag question is added at the end, ‘don’t shout,  will you?’

13.  Good wishes on someone’s

  Birth day – Happy grand day, congratulation

  New year  - Wish you a very happy/prosperous new year

  Marriage  - Wish you a very happy married life/congratulation

  Achievement – Well done/excellent/marvelous + congratulation  + firm hand shake.

There are some sentences that  require dummy  subjects  in the sentence structure – We shall see this in future posts.

It and there are the two dummy subjects used in English

e.g. It is impossible to bend a tree.

        There is no alternative to hard work.

 Will continue ........, See you soon. 

 End of this post