Future perfect - 24

                   WELCOME TO SESSION- 24                                  

                Be  Future Perfect 

                              

Previous Information

Verb form Present, past and past participle 

Noun Phrase, Collective noun etc.

Subject , 'wh' question  'yes/no' question etc.

NOTE: In the structure given below he/she/it  include all the nouns,pronouns,common nouns, noun phrases

Collective nouns etc. in Singular form. They include all nouns pronouns etc. in plural form.

The explanation of above terms is given in Grammar page click grammarmail.com to view

                   

      There are several ways  in English to express future

            ( Sentences that  not  a part of the this structure are  given in italics fonts)

a. Simple  Future Tense /Pure Future -  (1)– When we want to do something in future

    Structure: Subject  (I/we/you/they/he/she/it) + will/shall + Verb (Present form) +  other words.

I will attend the board meeting tomorrow.

She will take her son to Canada next week.

We will watch the TV program to night.

Simple Future Tense (2)-  To express our thought  about some future action.

I  believe  Democrats will win the presidency

I am sure  the Secretary general will postpone is Russia visit.

Simple Future Tense (3) -  Used, when some decisions are made at the time of speaking.

The traffic is heavy, I will take the long road.

The Attorney is busy, I will see him next week

b. Simple Present Tense - used for future schedules

Structure: Subject (I/we/you/they/he/she/it) + Verb (Present verb) + other words

The president arrives on 8^th August

The General assembly's  Second Session starts on 2^nd February.

The Plane leaves  at 10.00 tonight.

c. Present continuous  –  Used to talk about future plans.

Structure: Subject (I/we/you/they/he/she/it) +  am + verb (Present Participle) + other words

Subject (we/you/they) +  are + verb (Present Participle) + other words

Subject (he/she/it) + is + verb (Present Participle) + other words

I  am  visiting the dentist this evening.

They are  watching the cricket match on TV tonight, don’t disturb them.

 Future Continuous Tense (1) To talk about some activity that will be in progress in future

Structure: Subject (I/we/you/they/he/she/it) + will/shall be +  Verb (Present participle) + other words

( I Think) It will be raining when we board the plane tonight.

She will be writing the test this time tomorrow

Shall I call you at 7.00 this evening? No Please, I will be writing  my company accounts.

Future Continuous Tense (2) – To talk about some activity that is expected to happen in future.

The train will be coming soon.

The President will be addressing the audience soon.

d. Future Perfect Tense -  This tense  is used, when we want to talk about some activity that will be completed at certain point of  time in future.

Structure:  Subject (I/we/you/they/he/she/it) + will have + verb (Past participle) + other words

We will have finished our exams this time next week (or  by this time next week.)

By the end of this year we will have lived here for 30 years.

e. Future Perfect Continuous Tense – This tense is used to  denote some  activity that will be in progress over a period of time in future and come to an end in future.

Structure: subject (I/we/you/they/he/she/it) + will/shall+ have been + Verb  (Present participle) + other words.

By next autumn I shall have been teaching in this school for 16 years.

They will have been living here for 25 years next month.

f.  To  express Future  schedules  (Be forms = am/is/are/was/were etc.)

Structure:  I + am ;   we/you/they + are ;  he/she/it  + is

The Chinese president is to visit USA  next month.

USA and Russia are to discuss SALT (Treaty) in New York tomorrow.

g. Going to (1) - Used to express some action you have decided to do in future.

Structure:  I + am + going to + Verb (Present form) + other words

We/you/they + are + going to + verb (Present form) + other words

He/she/it + is + going to + verb(present form) + other words

I’ am going  to buy an apartment  in central Ottawa next week.

She is going to sell her car next month.

Putin is going to address ASIAN next week.

Going to (2) – Talking about an activity that is likely to happen in future.

Look at the sky, It's going to rain.

We are going to get a new project soon.

       SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE  (Pure future)  IN SPOKEN FORM

                               ( Will/shall + action verb)

 Structure – Formal

 Five main types of spoken forms

I/we/you/they/he/she/it + Will/shall + Verb (Present form/main ) + message/news/information etc.- Simple sentence. ( e.g. she will come next week.) -  Note: won’t = will not

I/We/you/they/he/she/it + won’t + verb (Present form) +  other words- Negative sentence (e.g. she won’t come next week)

Will/shall + I/we/you/they/he/she/it +  Verb (Present form) + other words  - ‘yes/no’ question. (e.g. Will she come next week?

Won’t + I/we/you/they/he/she/it + Verb (present form) + other words – ‘yes/no’ negative question (e.g. won’t she com next week?)

‘Wh’ question word + will/shall + I/we/you/they/he/she/it + Verb (Present form) – ‘Wh’ question (e.g. When will she come?)

Each of above sentences may be spoken in eight or more moods – Please refer home page

NOTE: 

The usage of shall is not very popular in Spoken English , Shall is used only with the subject I and we

Brits don’t  make any distinction between shall and will. Shall is not popular with Sams

I/we/you/they/he/she/it  are the subjects in the sentences.

He/she/it include all singular nouns, pronouns, common nouns including collective nouns and noun phrases

They  includes  all plural nouns pronouns etc.

In informal speech the structure is flexible and doesn’t conform to the above structure.

More sentences

Shane is playing tennis tomorrow.

I’m not attending the board meeting next week.

Is she going out tonight? May be I don’t know exactly.

Are you going to buy an apartment? I’m planning to buy one.

The flight lands at 7.00.

The president addresses the nation tonight.

The train leaves at 9.30.

They are to leave the town tomorrow.

We are to open this locker next week.

Are you meeting Clara this evening? I’m not quite sure.

When are you visiting our home?  Perhaps next month.

We will go out at nine.

They will bring the furniture.

The Government will announce the Tax Plan next month.

Future Tense in Question Tags

She won’t come today. Will she?

She will come today. Won’t she?

They will come to  office tomorrow. Won’t they?

They won’t come to office tomorrow. Will they?

She is going buy a new flat. Isn’t she?

She is not going to buy  a new flat. Is she?

Future Tense – Short Answer 

Will she come tomorrow? Yes she will/No she won’t.

Aren’t you going out? Yes I am.

Won’t  she do it? No she won’t.

Future Tense in News Head lines (Not real)

President is to announce the new tax cuts next week.

We will not  allow the  passage of the emission cut bill : Industry lobby

G15 members are  to discuss the EU Crisis next week.

Cameron will skip the Cairo meet.

OPEC is going to cut the production by 5%.

Future Tense in Ads (Not real)

Our new health plan will take you future worreis off - Check it out at www.greenhealth.com.

Your beloved will feel at home in our new School Campus - Blue Heights, California.

Going to buy an apartment? we offer Heavens at down-to-earth prices.- SST Builders, Berlin

Shakespeare comes alive at Globes - Show starts from 2nd August 2012.

Benz-205 will cut gasoline cost by 40 percent -  Rolling out soon.                                                     

Past Prog -23

                           

                  

                                                  Past Continuous Tense 

                                        

            Also called Past Progressive Tense

                           Function

This Tense is used to say that some activity was in progress around a particular time in the past. It’s very often used in association with the Past Tense.

I was waiting at the bus stop at Six O’ clock yesterday morning.

When the phone rang he was watching a TV program.

It was raining when I got up this morning  (The noun rain itself is used as a verb here)

Used for repeated action in the past (also for past habits)

 She called him (over phone) several times.

When she was in school she prepared her own food.

It is used to denote temporary and permanent activity in the past.

 She authored the book when I was in Perth

They lived in Chicago for seven years, While they were trainees.

When I saw her yesterday, She was playing Carrom.

Other structure

It stopped raining when we went out.

He stopped reading and opened the door.

                                                     

PREVIOUS INFORMATION

 Past form of the verb  The past form of the stem verb drink is drank.

Helping/being/auxiliary verb – am, is, are, was, were, will etc.

yes/no question – The question that expects ‘yes or no’  answer.

wh question – The question that expects complete  response, and  starts with the words like what, when,

how etc.

Collective noun – Group of people, animals, or things referred collectively as team, group, crowd,  herd etc.

(team/group/crowd/herd = collective noun)

                                                                    STRUCTURE                                                                  

we/you/they + were + verb (present participle = ‘ing’ verb form) - e.g. They were watching TV when she  met them -  Simple statement/information/news etc. (When she met them is Past Tense structure)

we/you/they + weren’t + verb (present participle or  ‘ing’ verb form) - e.g. They weren’t watching TV when she met them -  Negative  statement/information/news etc.

Were we/you/they + verb (present participle or ‘ing’ verb) – e.g . Were they watching TV when she met them?

- ‘yes/no’ question.

Weren’t  we/you/they + verb(Present participle or ‘ing’ verb) – e.g. weren’t they watching TV when she met them? – ‘yes/no’ negative question.

‘Wh’ question word + were + verb (Present participle or ‘ing’ verb) – e.g. What were they doing, when she met them? – ‘Wh’ question

  

NOTE:  All the above Five types can be spoken in EIGHT or more moods

With the subjects  I/he/she/it, ‘was’ is used as helping verb.

I/we/you/they/he/she/it are called subject pronoun or simply subjects.

He/she/it include all singular nouns, pronouns, collective nouns, common nouns etc.

They includes all plural nouns.

Present Continuous and Past Tense - Comparison

It is raining now   - . It was raining in the evening yesterday.

What are  you doing now/ Jack.  -   What were doing at 7.30 yesterday?

Where are they staying now?   -  Where were they staying yesterday?

More sentences (Past Tense is given in parenthesis, to balance the Sentence.) 

In 2003 we were living in Sydney.

He was writing something, (when I rang the bell)

The children were playing in the garden some time back.

We were watching the match this time yesterday.

(We woke up at 5 O’ clock this morning), it was raining.

Conversation

A: What was she doing this morning? Was She sleeping?

B:  No, She was preparing the breakfast.

A: How fast were you riding the bike, when the signal lights turned red?

B: Thank God, I wasn’t riding fast

A: Was she wearing casuals yesterday?

B:  No, she was wearing a skirt,

A:  (When did the train arrive this morning?)

B:  It arrived while we were having coffee.

A:  Weren’t the students  studying when you saw them?

B:  No, They were playing in the class room.

PAST CONTINUOUS STRUCTURE IN NEWS HEADLINES (Not real)

What was Secretary of state doing when Russian warship entered Persian Gulf last week?

The President was watching helplessly when the, mutineers entered the presidential palace.

Wasn’t  the crew  alert when the Pirates were boarding the ship? – Investigators to Captain.

Demonstrators were gathering in large numbers when the General assembly session was on.

We were enduring great hardships till UN Peace keepers arrived: Refugee.

PAST CONTINUOUS IN Ads (Not real)

We were conquering the Peaks, Now we are colonizing  the skies – Mercury Apartments, New York.

We were making jet class cars now we are assembling super jets - Pace Jets needs super brains to train our designing team.

We were scaling greater heights,now we are counting on our success -  UIB securities  & Investments, Berlin

It was raining Dollars at Globex last year, now it’s raining gold- Your Safe  Investment destination, Dallas Securities - Dallas

We were training Commercial Pilots, Now we are training Advance Jet Pilots – Falcon Pilot Training School- Scotland.                                                                      

Past Tense - 22

     Visiting the past - Past Tense- 22

                                                                                                

In English language there are six different tenses to indicate past action (Please remember we are not talking about the  past state in this topic.)

1-Simple present perfect tense ( I have read.) – Already discussed in session -17

2-Simple past tense (  I read.)

3-Past progressive tense ( I was reading)

4-Present perfect progressive  tense ( I have been reading.)

5-Simple past perfect tense. ( I had read.)

6-Past perfect progressive tense (I had been reading)

                                 Simple past tense - Function

Simple past tense  is used in narration, account of a visit, story telling, report writing etc.

Simple past and Present perfect -  Difference

Both these tenses are used for the actions that  took place in the past period. They don’t serve the same purpose. The simple past tense doesn’t have any link with the present, while the present perfect verb has link with the present time.

It rained last yesterday. (Past Tense)

It has rained – see the wet ground. (Past activity is linked to the present observation) - (Past Perfect Tense)

Just is used with present perfect for an activity that took place a short while ago.

My boss has just arrived.

They have just gone out.

Simple past tense contains (mostly) Time adverbial (last month, last August, in 2003 etc .)

Present perfect is used with adverbials like so far, before, already, ever never, yet,

I visited Texas last week/in 2003

I haven’t visited Texas so far.

I have already seen this machine.

The team hasn’t arrived yet.

I think I have seen him before.

I met Clara in Perth./She didn’t see me – (Some times in  Past tense sentence time adverbial is omitted.)

Past perfect tense is used for an activity that began in the past and still continuing (at the time of speaking)

 She has worked here for five years. (She is still working.) - Past perfect tense

She worked here for years. (She no longer works.) - Past tense

For indicating past habits. (We usually use used to for this purpose )

She   always travelled in train.

They always blocked the passage of budget/bill.

He always invited friends to his parties.

Past action and past state – difference

She visited the University last week –action

She was in the university last week - state

Difference between present tense and past tense. 

She reads the news paper in the morning. - Present

She read the news paper in the evening yesterday.- past

                          Simple Past Tense- Structure

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Subject           

What we speak about, in a sentence is called subject. Subject = I, we, you, they, he, she, it, noun phrase etc. He/she/it include all singular nouns, pronouns, collective nouns, etc. They includes all Plural nouns.

Action Verb

Verb that indicates some action is called action verb (e.g. Go, come, write etc. )

Verb forms

Go – Present form of the verb, Went – past form of the verb go          

  

STRUCTURE    (The structure  is same for all subjects ,I we , you, they, he she, it etc.)                         

Subject + Action Verb (past form) + message/news/information etc. – Simple sentence

e.g. He went to London yesterday.

Subject + didn’t +action verb (Present form) + information –  Negative sentence.

e.g. He didn't  go to London yesterday. He did no went to London

(Didn't = did not)

Did +  subject + action verb (Present form) + information – ‘yes/no’ question

e.g.  Did he go to London yesterday. Did he went to London yesterday.

Didn’t + subject + action verb (Present form) + information – ‘yes/no’ negative question

e.g. Didn’t he go to London yesterday.= Did he not go London yesterday.

“wh’ word + did + subject + action verb (Present form) + matter -  ‘wh’ question

e.g. When did he go to London./Where did he go yesterday. (Where did he go to yesterday.)

Present – past - contrast

She Teaches English – She taught English.

The thief runs away – The thief ran away.

They have a car (now) – They had a car some time back.

She wakes up at six (always)– She woke up at six (yesterday)

He does the trick – He did the trick.

More Sentences - Past Tense

Jim worked in a bank from 2003 to 2010

I rained all the morning yesterday.

We enjoyed the movie.

The event cam to an end at midnight.

‘Didn’t you see the dentist last night?’ No, I was busy.

‘Where did you see Susan?’ At Marines.

He didn’t answer my call, I didn’t expect that.

‘When did you meet Mary?'. Last night.

'Did he go away in the morning?' Yes he went away in the morning.

‘Did you go for shopping yesterday?’ No, I didn’t have time.

‘Did it rain last week?’ not much.

‘Did your friends have a nice party?’ Yes, they enjoyed a lot.

Short conversation

 A- The table is broken.

B- Who broke it?/How did it happen?/How did that happen?

A- I don’t know.

A- I went to Paris last  week

B- Where did you stay?

A-  At Bays.

A- I returned home by a cab.

B- How much did it cost?

A- 15 dollars.

Past Tense in the news head lines (Virtual)

The new tax regime spared the rich.

Obama – Putin summit, (on new arms treaty), failed once again

Greek Government unveiled new health insurance policy.

Cameron agreed to revive ailing auto  industry.

Canberra refused to grant amnesty to extremists.

Dollar nosedived on speculation

Past Tense in Ads (Not real)

Our jets  never rested since their first voyage – At your service round the clock- Blue jet

Did you experience  paradise on earth?  Visit Bon voyage cottage, Sydney.

Churchill, Regan Tatcher Saadat Mandela,  stayed  with  us, Make your visit a historical one – Royal inn Ottawa.

Disappointed with your insurer? Feel relaxed, Visit Max Flexi Insurance – Dubai.

We outpaced others in car production – Your reliable partner on the move – Delta Motors , Washington.                                                                                                                                                                    

ENGLISH SKILL-21

                  Subject-Verb  agreement
                                        

Subject : In a sentence we speak about someone or something,  the someone or something

 is called subject

Verb : Ther are two types of verbs, main or action verb ( go, come, sit etc.) and auxiliary  or

 helping verb , here we deal with auxiliary/helping  verb, they are called helping verb

 because they help main verb to form a sentences. ( She is doing well,  here  is = helping verb

 and doing = main verb. Am, is, are, was, were, been ,have, has, had, etc. are the helping 

verbs.). A sentence would appear shabby if it’s subject and verb don’t  agree with each

 other.

My friends is coming tomorrow

(Here my friends = subject and is = verb, the subject doesn’t agree with the verb, there is no 

action verb here.), the correct form of the sentence is.

My friends are coming.

Rules

1 Two or more subjects joined by conjunction and, takes plural verb form.

Jill and Jim are/were friends.

Jill and Jim  the cricketers,have arrived.

Factories and workers are part of big cities.

But, Joe with his wife and children, is in city. (The subject to be taken in to account is Joe.)

Please note that when two nouns represent the same concept, singular verb is used.

 Bread and butter is their main demand.

High and low is a  part of the share market.

2 When two  singular nouns indicate the same person or thing, singular verb is used

The founder and  architect of this nation is dead. (Refers to the same person)

The poet and playwright is visiting the city  tomorrow.

Honor and glory was  his motto.

3 Relative pronoun like who should agree with the number (of person)

He  is the man who seeks blood. (not seek)

She is one of those actress who were awarded Oscar.

4. When plural noun(Noun phrase)  describes some amount or quantity 

(Considered as a whole), the verb takes singular form.

A Ten thousand Yen is not a small sum.

Judge said, “ fifteen minutes’ is allowed for the argument.”

Three months is a good period (for some purpose)

Fifteen hundred miles is a long distance.

Note: When plural noun represents proper noun.

Big dreams is a good novel

United states has promised F16s to South Korea.

Gulliver’s Travels is my favorite  book.

5.  Error due to proximity  (of a verb) of  the nearest noun

The quality of the apples is not satisfactory. ( is should agree with quality not with apples.)

Neither the chairman nor the managers were present.

Either you or he is telling a lie.

She is not to blame nor are you.

Not one of his lectures were printed.

6.   Some nouns in plural form have singular meaning.

Politics, news, Each, media, Mathematics, Physics etc.

Politics is not interesting these days.

Five dozen is  too much.

Wages of  sin is death.

7.Collective nouns like staff, family, audience, committee etc. take either singular or plural verb.

The audience was large.

The audience were unhappy with the organizers.

Greek government is unyielding on austerity measures.

NOTE: Collective nouns like Police, people, Jury etc. take  plural form

The Police are investigating the case. But we should say policeman is investigating…...

The Jury (many) were divided.

The jury (a group ) has elected its head.

If we think that collective noun represent many people/things, then the verb takes plural 

form. The audience have become restless, due to the late start of the concert.

8.With relative pronoun  like who , should agree with number and person

 The man who is sitting there, is my friend.

She is one of those women who are music lovers.

9.Scissors, Trousers, Spectacles, pants are treated as two things.

These scissors are not sharp enough.

Your pants are dirty.

10. Paper, ice ,soap, furniture etc. are uncountable nouns

Paper sheet is/ice cube is/soap cake is.

11. Pains and means take either singular or plural form.

Fighters suffered great pains.

Pains is not a barrier for a true adventurer.

His means have improved considerably.

The austerity means employed by the planners is not in the right direction.

12. Subjects joined by or nor should agree with the nearer verb.

Either he or she is present.

Neither you nor she is to blame.

Neither My cousin nor I am interested.

No nook or corner was spared in the search.

13.Each,every,many a , wither, neither are followed by singular verb.

Neither of the two parties was willing.

Each of these minerals is found in the  Gobi desert.

Every one of the students likes to have chocolate.

Many a man doesn’t know his potentials.

14 With and as well as

The building with its assets was sold.

Gold as well as wheat has taken a beating.